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Description	District heating transports the heat generated in a centralized location via a pre-insulated pipework to residential, public and commercial buildings for their heating. Usually water is used to transport the heat, but also steam is possible. A heat exchanger connects the heat network with the central heating of the building. There are also district cooling systems working on the same principles. On average, over 80 per cent of heat supplied by district heating originates from renewable energy sources or heat recovery. The main idea behind modern district heating is to capture the surplus heat from energy generation or industrial processes and to recycle this otherwise wasted heat.
Advantages	Can be combined with renewable energy sources Drastically reduces energy consumption
Disadvantages	Some heat loss during transportation; particularly for district heating systems using steam High initial investment cost Heat is less portable than energy: The operator is inclined to incentivise users to use as much heat as possible, decouraging investment in insulating poorly insulated buildings
Characteristic features
Application barriers	High initial investment cost
Information sources	http://euroheat.org/ http://solar-district-heating.eu/ http://cogeneurope.eu/district-heating_270.html http://geodh.eu/about-geothermal-district-heating/ http://biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=77,97356&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
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Trade:	Building services

Parameter	Minimal Value	Maximal Value	Unit
Material	Polyethylene
Moisture Barrier	N	N	Y/N
Thickness of Mortar	15	40	mm
Diameter	9	20	mm
Water Volume	0,064	0,314	l/m
Thermal Gradient Heating	10	23	°C
Thermal Gradient Cooling	7	15	°C
Thermal Conductivity	0,4	0.5	W/mK
Separation Between Pipes	50	300	mm
Covered Surface	N/A		m2
Peripheral Zone	?	?	Y/N
Heating Capacity	35 W/m2	100 W/m2	kW
Dimensions	15	50	mm
Weight	1.5 kg/m2	70 kg/m2	kg
Investment Cost	5 €/m2	20 €/m2	€
Operational Cost	0.3 €/m2year	3 €/m2year	€/year
Replacement Cost	0	4 €/m2year	€/year
Life Expectancy	15	35	years

Deterioration	Description
Causes
Parameter
Degradation Rate
Measurement

The Design4Energy project aims to address evolutionary life-cycle evolutionary design methodology able to create energy-efficient buildings flexibly connected with the neighbourhood energy system.

BL(Ti)=0.788